E-government refers to the use of innovative information and communication technologies (ICT), particularly web-based Internet applications, to provide citizens, businesses, and government employees with convenient access to government information and services, improve the quality of services, and enhance opportunities for democratic participation. The term “e-government” is also known by different names such as Electronic Governance, Digital Government, Online Government, and e-Gov, among others.
The diversity of e-government services has given rise to different types of e-government, which can be classified into four main categories: government-to-citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G), and government-to-employee (G2E).
The G2C application is the most common type of e-government, and its primary goal is to serve citizens by making public information more accessible through the use of websites and reducing the time and cost to conduct transactions. G2C initiatives can connect citizens who may not otherwise come into contact with one another, facilitate and increase citizen participation in government, and support accountability, democracy, and improvements to public services.
The G2B application includes various services exchanged between government and the business sectors, such as obtaining current business information, new regulations, downloading application forms, lodging taxes, renewing licenses, registering businesses, obtaining permits, and many others. G2B transactions bring significant efficiencies to both governments and businesses, enhance the efficiency and quality of communication and transactions with business, and increase the equality and transparency of government contracting and projects.
The G2G application refers to the online communications between government organizations, departments, and agencies based on a super government database. G2G development aims to enhance and improve inter-government organizational processes by streamlining cooperation and coordination. The use of information technologies by different governmental agencies to share or centralize information or automate and streamline intergovernmental business processes has produced numerous instances of time and cost savings and service enhancement.
The G2E application is the least sector of e-government in much e-government research. It refers to the relationship between government and its employees only and aims to serve employees by offering some online services such as applying online for annual leave, checking the balance of leave, and reviewing salary payment records, among other things. G2E is a successful way to provide e-learning, bring employees together, and encourage knowledge sharing among them. It gives employees the possibility of accessing relevant information regarding compensation and benefit policies, training and learning opportunities, and allowing them access to manage their benefits online with an easy and fast communication model.
The development and implementation of e-government initiatives depend on a range of factors, including national context, political and institutional factors, socio-economic and cultural factors, and technical infrastructure. National context refers to the broader political and legal context in which e-government is developed and implemented, including the nature of the political system, the level of economic development, and the cultural and historical background of the country. Political and institutional factors refer to the institutional arrangements and governance structures that underpin e-government initiatives. Socio-economic and cultural factors refer to the social and cultural values and beliefs that influence the adoption and use of e-government services. Technical infrastructure refers to the technological infrastructure required to support e-government services, including hardware, software, telecommunications, and human resources.
In conclusion, e-government is a way for governments to use ICT to transform the structures, operations, and culture of government. The development of different types of e-government reflects the diversity of user needs and priorities in government strategies. The successful development and implementation of e-government initiatives depend on a range of factors, including national context, political and institutional factors, socio-economic and cultural factors, and technical infrastructure. E-government has the potential to improve the quality of services, enhance opportunities for democratic participation, and support accountability and good governance objectives.
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The post original publish in 2017-Dec-18, rewrite 2023-Feb-20.
